Game Design Glossary

The player's choices have a tangible impact on the game world, and/or the player perceives this to be the case

Some players have a preference for spending their earnings (e.g. gold) on one currency sink over others, based on things like interest, affordability, perceived pay-off, supply and demand, etc.

Bayes' theorem is a fundamental principle in probability theory and statistics that relates conditional probabilities. Although it is not specifically tied to game design, it can be applied in the context of game development and analysis. Bayes' theorem allows us to update our beliefs or probabilities based on new evidence or information. In the context of game design, Bayes' theorem can be used to model and analyze various aspects, such as player behavior, decision-making, and balancing game mechanics. It provides a framework for understanding how new information can impact the probabilities associated with certain outcomes or events.

The player has a fixed time window to perform an action. The more precisely they time the action, the better their score.

A "comeback mechanic" in video games refers to a game design feature or system that provides a disadvantaged or losing player or team with the opportunity to recover, catch up, or even turn the tide of a match. These mechanics are often implemented to maintain a competitive and engaging experience, ensuring that matches remain close and exciting even when one side is falling behind.

All costs incurred to get to the present state of a system

In video game design, the term "cycle" related to decay typically refers to a gameplay mechanic or system where game elements or conditions gradually deteriorate or worsen over time. This decay cycle introduces a sense of challenge, urgency, and the need for player action to prevent or mitigate the negative consequences.

In game design, a "dead zone" refers to an area or region within the game's control input system where little to no response or effect occurs despite player input. It represents a range of input values that are ignored or have no impact on the game's mechanics or actions. The purpose of incorporating a dead zone in game design is to account for the natural imprecisions and variations in input devices, such as controllers or joysticks. These input devices may have slight physical imperfections or sensitivity inconsistencies that can result in unintended movements or actions by the player. The dead zone helps mitigate these issues by disregarding small input variations within that specified range.

Decay (Dynamic) in game design refers to a mechanic or system where certain elements or conditions gradually deteriorate or change over time in a dynamic manner. This decay can affect gameplay by introducing new challenges, altering the game world, or forcing players to adapt their strategies. It adds a sense of urgency and evolution to the game, requiring players to make timely decisions and actively manage resources or situations affected by the decay.

In games that incorporate mechanics involving limited resources, it is possible to introduce decay counters. These counters are implemented by either placing the opposing element or player in a situation that compels them to consume a limited resource or by imposing a requirement for them to use a limited resource. The intention behind this approach is to deplete the opponent's resources over time, rendering their strategies that heavily rely on the depleted resource no longer effective or viable.

Defensive playstyle in game design refers to a strategic approach where players prioritize defense, protection, and cautious tactics over aggressive actions. Players adopting a defensive playstyle focus on fortifying positions, evading or mitigating damage, and waiting for opportune moments to counterattack. This playstyle often emphasizes tactics, patience, and calculated decision-making rather than aggressive and direct confrontation.

Difficulty in game design refers to the level of challenge or complexity presented to players. It encompasses the range of obstacles, enemy AI behavior, puzzle complexity, and skill requirements within a game. Game designers aim to strike a balance in difficulty to provide players with an engaging and enjoyable experience. Difficulty levels may vary, allowing players to choose a challenge that suits their skill level and preferences.

Distinct Section (Variation) refers to a specific segment or part within a game that offers unique gameplay mechanics, aesthetics, or narrative elements that differ from the rest of the game. These sections often introduce variety, break monotony, or provide a refreshing change of pace. Distinct sections can include boss battles, puzzle sequences, vehicle segments, or alternate gameplay modes that add diversity and enhance the overall player experience.

Dominant Strategy in game design refers to a strategy or course of action that consistently provides players with a higher chance of success or advantage over other available options. It is a strategy that, when adopted and executed optimally, offers the best results regardless of the opponent's actions or decisions. Identifying a dominant strategy can impact game balance and depth, as designers strive to create varied and viable strategies to promote player choice and strategic thinking.

Double Blind Encounters are gameplay situations where neither the player nor the opponent has complete or prior knowledge of each other's actions or intentions. It introduces uncertainty and requires players to make decisions without knowing the opponent's moves or plans. Double Blind Encounters often occur in competitive multiplayer games, creating suspense, mind games, and strategic thinking as players must anticipate and react to hidden information.

Double-tapping in game design refers to the action of tapping a control or input twice in quick succession to ensure the system registers the command. It is commonly used to trigger specific actions or abilities, such as performing evasive maneuvers, executing special attacks, or activating context-sensitive interactions. Double-tapping adds a layer of skill and timing to gameplay, rewarding players who can perform the input sequence accurately and swiftly.

Effort in game design refers to the level of exertion, skill, or mental investment required from players to achieve specific goals, overcome challenges, or progress in the game. It can include physical dexterity, strategic thinking, problem-solving, or memorization. Game designers carefully balance the effort required to maintain engagement, ensuring that players feel appropriately challenged and rewarded for their accomplishments.

An Elegant Solution in game design refers to a well-crafted, efficient, and streamlined approach to solving

Gameplay emergence in video game design refers to the dynamic and unpredictable interactions that occur within a game's mechanics and systems, leading to unique and unscripted experiences for players. It occurs when a game's rules, elements, and AI systems combine in unexpected ways, allowing players to create their own strategies, solutions, and narratives, often diverging from the designer's intended path. This concept enhances player engagement and replayability by fostering a sense of agency and discovery, making each playthrough a distinct adventure.

A system which has a tendency to settle on a certain value or pattern over time. Non-dynamic equilibria tend towards a fixed value. Dynamic equilibria tend towards a fixed rate

An Expanded Gameplay Idea, such as the Crouch Jump, refers to the introduction of a new mechanic or feature that extends the range of actions and possibilities available to players within a game. In the case of Crouch Jump, it involves combining the crouch and jump actions to access higher platforms or perform specialized maneuvers. Expanded gameplay ideas enhance gameplay depth, offering players more creative approaches and increasing the skill ceiling of the game.

In game design, an exploit refers to the unintended or unanticipated use of game mechanics, features, or glitches to gain an unfair advantage or circumvent intended gameplay limitations. Exploits can disrupt game balance, undermine fair competition, or negatively impact the overall player experience. Game designers strive to identify and address exploits through patches or updates to maintain fairness and ensure a balanced playing field.

Extrinsic Motivation in game design refers to the drive or desire to engage in gameplay activities based on external factors or rewards rather than inherent enjoyment. It involves pursuing goals or achievements, earning points or rewards, or seeking recognition from others. Game designers leverage extrinsic motivation by implementing progression systems, leaderboards, and rewards to encourage continued player engagement and provide a sense of accomplishment.

Fairness in game design refers to the principle of ensuring that all players have equal opportunities, access to resources, and chances of success within the game. It involves avoiding situations where certain players or strategies have an unfair advantage, promoting balanced gameplay mechanics, and enforcing rules that prevent cheating or unfair practices. Designers strive to create an environment where success is determined by skill, strategy, and decision-making rather than external factors.

Flow, a concept coined by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, refers to a state of optimal engagement and immersion experienced by players during gameplay. It occurs when the challenge level of the game aligns with the player's skill level, creating a sense of focused concentration, time distortion, and effortless action. Achieving flow is a goal in game design, as it leads to a highly satisfying and enjoyable experience, often described as being "in the zone."

Fog of War is a gameplay mechanic commonly used in strategy or real-time strategy games to simulate limited knowledge or visibility of the game world. It represents unexplored or inaccessible areas that are concealed from the player's view. The fog of war adds strategic depth by requiring players to gather information, scout, and make decisions based on partial knowledge. It creates uncertainty, encourages exploration, and introduces a dynamic element to the gameplay.

Folded Level Design refers to a design approach where game levels or environments are interconnected or folded upon themselves, creating shortcuts, hidden passages, or complex spatial configurations. This design technique promotes exploration, puzzle-solving, and non-linear gameplay experiences. Folded level design offers players a sense of discovery, rewards curiosity, and enhances replayability by revealing new pathways and secrets as players navigate through the intricately interconnected spaces.

A Frame Trap is a strategic technique employed in fighting games where a sequence of attacks is deliberately designed to create a situation where the opponent has limited options for counterattacking or escaping. It capitalizes on the recovery frames or animation of an opponent's move, leaving them vulnerable to follow-up attacks. Frame traps test the opponent's reactions, timing, and defensive abilities while rewarding the player's understanding of game mechanics and anticipation of opponent behavior.

A Gambit in game design refers to a strategic move or decision made by a player that involves a calculated risk in exchange for potential advantages or gains. It is a tactical choice that challenges opponents, creates uncertainty, and requires careful consideration of potential outcomes. Gambits are often employed in competitive games

A game is a ludic construct characterized by structured rules, objectives, and challenges, designed to facilitate interactive engagement and recreation. It encompasses diverse manifestations, such as board games, video games, sports, and more, wherein participants, whether solitary or in groups, navigate within predefined parameters. These parameters guide decision-making and action-taking, ultimately influencing the pursuit of established goals. Games serve as a medium for cognitive stimulation, social interaction, or skill development, rendering them a multifaceted tool for entertainment, competition, or educational purposes.

In game design, a goal refers to an objective or target that players strive to achieve within a game. It provides a sense of purpose, direction, and motivation for players to engage with the gameplay mechanics and progress through the game. Goals can vary from completing quests, reaching specific milestones, defeating enemies, solving puzzles, or mastering certain skills. Well-designed goals offer clear guidance, challenge players appropriately, and provide a satisfying sense of accomplishment upon completion.

Griefing is a term used in multiplayer games to describe disruptive or malicious behavior by one player towards others, often for their own amusement or to intentionally disrupt the gameplay experience. Griefing can involve actions such as intentionally team-killing, trolling, exploiting game mechanics, or engaging in unsportsmanlike conduct. Griefing negatively impacts the enjoyment of other players and undermines fair competition. Game designers employ various measures, such as reporting systems and penalties, to discourage and prevent griefing in online environments.

Gun-to-Hand refers to a dynamic where a player equipped with ranged weaponry holds a distinct advantage over a player relying on melee combat. The term underscores the inherent challenge for melee players to close the gap without succumbing to long-range attacks. This design choice promotes diverse playstyles, encouraging players to adapt and employ varied tactics. Balancing the power dynamic between ranged and melee combatants is crucial for fostering engaging and fair gameplay experiences within the gaming environment.

Hand-To-Hand combat refers to close-quarters combat or fighting encounters within a game where players engage in physical combat without the use of ranged weapons or firearms. Hand-To-Hand combat mechanics typically involve punches, kicks, grapples, and other melee attacks. It requires precise timing, positioning, and understanding of attack patterns to effectively engage and defeat opponents. Hand-To-Hand combat can provide a visceral and intense combat experience, emphasizing player skill, reflexes, and strategic decision-making.

Income elasticity of demand describes the quantitative changes in people's demand for a particular good when their income changes, all other things being equal. In games, it explains how players' interest in purchasing items changes based on how much they earn in the game.

A good/item which people buy less of as their income increases. They do so because more enticing alternatives become more affordable.

In game design, interesting choices refer to decision points or options presented to players that have meaningful and consequential outcomes within the game. These choices require players to evaluate different possibilities, consider risks and rewards, and make decisions that impact their progress, character development, or the game world. Interesting choices engage players, promote strategic thinking, and create a sense of agency and ownership over their gameplay experience.

Interplay in game design refers to the dynamic interaction and relationship between different gameplay elements, mechanics, systems, or components within a game. It represents how these elements influence and affect each other, creating emergent gameplay possibilities and synergies. The interplay between mechanics can lead to strategic depth, player creativity, and unexpected outcomes. Game designers carefully design interplay to ensure a cohesive and engaging gameplay experience, where the interactions between elements amplify the overall enjoyment and depth of the game.

In game design, interposition defines a mechanic where a player can alter the outcome of an action by strategically changing their position. This involves using one's avatar as a barrier or shield to intercept an impending threat. An example of interposition is a player skillfully jumping in front of a bullet to protect a teammate or themselves, thereby diverting the trajectory of the projectile. Interposition enhances strategic gameplay, fostering teamwork and quick decision-making as players dynamically position themselves to influence and redirect the flow of in-game events.

Intrinsic motivation in game design refers to the internal desire, enjoyment, or satisfaction that players derive from the gameplay experience itself, rather than external rewards or incentives. It stems from the inherent enjoyment, challenge, immersion, or sense of mastery that a game provides. Game designers strive to foster intrinsic motivation by creating compelling narratives, engaging gameplay mechanics, and rewarding player accomplishments to ensure that players find the gameplay experience intrinsically satisfying, captivating, and enjoyable.

In the context of game economy design, "investment" refers to the strategic allocation of in-game resources or currency with the expectation of obtaining future benefits or returns. Players make investments within the game by spending their virtual assets on various in-game items, upgrades, or activities that they believe will enhance their gaming experience or progress in the game.

In game design, a "key" refers to a crucial element or mechanism that significantly influences the overall player experience. Keys can be pivotal gameplay features, narrative components, or design principles essential for progression and engagement. Identifying and refining these aspects ensures a coherent and enjoyable game. For instance, in puzzle games, a key might be a central mechanic that unlocks challenges, while in narrative-driven games, a key could represent a pivotal plot point shaping the player's journey.

As the player plays more, their knowledge of the game improves and their chance of winning increases.

In game design, a linear lock refers to any lock (object, system or mechanic that restricts player progression) which is opened after a single key is used in a specific way. In comparison to other types of locks, only one key is required (and-locks need more than one key to be opened) and the key is unique (or-locks can be opened with any key of a specific type)

Linear variation in game design refers to the introduction of gradual and incremental changes or modifications to gameplay elements or mechanics in a linear or sequential manner. It involves presenting players with a series of iterations or alterations that build upon each other, gradually expanding or enhancing gameplay possibilities. Linear variation allows for controlled experimentation and learning, introducing new challenges, strategies, or features over time while maintaining a sense of familiarity and continuity.

In game design, a lock refers to a game mechanic or condition that prevents players from accessing or progressing further until certain criteria are met. Locks can take various forms, such as locked doors, barriers, puzzles, or requirements to acquire specific items or skills. They serve as obstacles or challenges that players must overcome to advance in the game. Locks are often used to provide structure, create a sense of achievement upon unlocking, and encourage exploration and problem-solving. They can also be employed strategically to control pacing, guide player progression, or enhance narrative elements within the game.

A nonessential good/item which people tend only to buy (and buy more of) if they can afford basic necessity goods and expenses.

The actual face-value cost to buy or upgrade something once more

In economics, marginal utility is the quantitative benefit of using/consuming/doing something once more, such as levelling up your Strength level once. Marginal utility is relevant for understanding player decision-making, because the benefit of an action can change each time it is repeated.

In game design, a mechanic refers to a specific interactive element or rule within a game that governs gameplay behavior, actions, or systems. It represents the underlying building blocks that shape the player's interactions with the game world. Mechanics can include movement controls, combat systems, puzzle-solving mechanisms, resource management, or any other system that defines how players engage with and navigate the game. Game designers carefully design and balance mechanics to create engaging and cohesive gameplay experiences.

A mechanical balancing framework is a structured approach used in game design to ensure that the various gameplay mechanics, systems, or elements within a game are fair, viable, and well-balanced. It involves analyzing and adjusting the relationships, interactions, and effectiveness of different mechanics to avoid dominance or imbalance. A mechanical balancing framework considers factors such as player agency, risk-reward ratios, skill differentials, and overall game balance to create a cohesive and satisfying gameplay experience.

A mini loop is a set of two or more gameplay elements that are part of an interplay loop, which are also sub-elements of another gameplay element which is part of its own interplay loop. An interplay loop is a set of two or more elements, such as items, weapons, attributes, attacks or characters, which are counter of each other. One of these elements or entities may be comprised of or generate two or more elements which are also counters of each other. Mini loops add even more depth to gameplay without increasing the complexity of the system, increasing the possibility of generating emergent gameplay.

A multi loop is a game system that has multiple interplay loops which govern the most relevant mechanics of a game. Games like rock-paper-scissors contain a basic interplay loop where all of the mechanics and interactions are counter of another and they are all interrelated. On another hand, games with much more depth and complexity contain multi loops, with many mechanics that can be grouped into interplay loops by how they counter each other.

Multiple goals in game design refer to the inclusion of multiple objectives or targets that players can pursue simultaneously or sequentially within a game. It provides players with a range of choices, allowing them to prioritize and pursue different paths or objectives based on their preferences or playstyles. Multiple goals add depth, replayability, and strategic decision-making to the gameplay experience, giving players a sense of agency and customization. They can include narrative goals, completionist objectives, competitive achievements, or personal milestones that contribute to player progression and satisfaction.

A good/item which people can't do without a certain amount of. If its cost goes up, they will typically still buy it. If their income goes up, they won't necessarily buy much more of it.

Synonym to "comeback mechanic". It refers to a game design feature or system that provides a disadvantaged or losing player or team with the opportunity to recover, catch up, or even turn the tide of a match. These mechanics are often implemented to maintain a competitive and engaging experience, ensuring that matches remain close and exciting even when one side is falling behind.

A good/item which people want more of as they earn more, or as its cost goes down.

Nuance in game design refers to the subtle and intricate details, variations, or intricacies within gameplay mechanics, systems, or storytelling elements. It involves the inclusion of finer nuances that add depth, complexity, and richness to the game experience. Nuance can be present in various aspects of the game, including character development, dialogue options, environmental interactions, or strategic choices. By incorporating nuance, game designers provide players with more meaningful and thought-provoking experiences, encouraging exploration, critical thinking, and deeper engagement with the game world.

An obstacle in game design refers to a barrier, challenge, or impediment that players must overcome to progress in the game or achieve their objectives. Obstacles can take many forms, such as physical barriers, puzzles, enemies, time limits, or resource constraints. They create tension, add excitement, and test the player's skills, problem-solving abilities, and strategic thinking. Well-designed obstacles provide a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction when successfully overcome, contributing to the overall sense of progression, challenge, and satisfaction within the game.

The opportunity cost of an action is the maximum value you'd get by taking a different action. I.e. it is the value that will be missed out on by committing to this action rather than the next best alternative.

In game design, an or-lock refers to any lock (object, system or mechanic that restricts player progression) which can be opened with any key of a specific type or a range of types. These locks require only one key to be opened, but this key may be duplicated or can be replaced by another one to open this lock. Or-locks add an extra layer of significance and utility to items and inventory management, as in some cases players have to make a trade-off between consuming the key for one door or another one.

In game design, an Organic Key refers to a gameplay element or requirement that is seamlessly integrated into the game world, story, or mechanics, serving as a means to unlock or access certain content or areas. Unlike traditional keys, which are explicitly labeled or represented as items, an Organic Key blends naturally within the game's context, thematically connecting with the narrative or environment. It can take the form of solving a specific puzzle, fulfilling a quest, acquiring certain skills, or reaching a milestone. Organic Keys enhance immersion, as they provide a sense of continuity and coherence, reinforcing the player's connection with the game world and its logical progression.

In game design, an outcome refers to the result or consequence of player actions, choices, or events within a game. It represents the impact and resolution of gameplay situations, determining the progress, success, or failure of players' endeavors. Outcomes can vary in their nature and significance, ranging from minor consequences to major story developments or game-altering events. They can be influenced by player skill, decision-making, random chance, or a combination of factors. Well-designed outcomes provide players with a sense of agency and accountability, shaping the narrative, character development, and overall player experience.

The anxiety resulting from having too many choices. When players are presented with too many choices, they may become paralysed, fearing they will miss out if they make one choice over another.

In game design, the Overjustification Effect refers to a phenomenon where the introduction of external rewards or incentives for an activity that individuals already find intrinsically motivating can lead to a decrease in their overall intrinsic motivation. When players are initially engaged in a game due to their inherent interest or enjoyment, adding external rewards, such as in-game achievements or tangible prizes, can shift the focus from internal satisfaction to extrinsic factors. This shift may diminish the player's intrinsic motivation, as the primary driver for their engagement becomes the external rewards rather than the inherent enjoyment of the game itself. Game designers need to carefully balance the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators to ensure that the Overjustification Effect does not undermine the long-term engagement and enjoyment of players.

The time it takes for an investment of resources (e.g. gold) to be repaid

In game design, the Pigeonhole Principle refers to a concept where a limited number of options or categories are insufficient to accommodate the variety of possibilities or player choices within a game. The principle suggests that when designing game mechanics, systems, or decision-making structures, it is essential to provide sufficient flexibility and diversity to account for the potential range of player actions or strategies. Failing to do so may result in a rigid and limited gameplay experience that restricts player creativity, choice, or meaningful decision-making. Game designers strive to avoid the Pigeonhole Principle by creating systems that allow for a wide range of viable options and meaningful player agency.

In the context of lockpicking in game design, a "pin" refers to one of the components of a lock mechanism. Lockpicking is a gameplay mechanic often found in stealth or adventure games where players attempt to bypass locked doors or containers. The lock mechanism typically consists of a series of pins, which need to be manipulated using specialized tools, such as lockpicks, to align them in a specific configuration. By applying tension and carefully manipulating the pins, players aim to unlock the mechanism and gain access to the locked area or retrieve valuable items.

In game design, a power up key is an item or a skill granted to the player that can be used to open a lock mechanism. These can be items that have a primary utility, such as bombs which are primarily used to kill enemies, but that also have the ability to open a door or remove a specific obstacle in the level. Power up keys may also be skills that a character has, like jumping or using ropes to go from one place to another, which also let the player go from one place to another. Powerups can be found or earned through gameplay progression, achieved completing challenges or acquired strategically. Generally, players use these powerups for their main reasons until they realize that certain doors, walls or any other mechanism can be opened by using these powerups as keys.

A preventative counter is a gameplay element or mechanic utilized by a player that prevents another element from affecting them according to the aims of their functional intent. Whereas counters are forced changes in the line of motion of a gameplay element by another gameplay element, preventative counters also add to the idea that one of the gameplay elements does not cause any effect due to the fact that another condition was met before. In contrast to reactionary counters, where an attack or action has been successfully performed but the receiving end can "react" afterwards, preventative counters do not let the action take place. These counters generally require of a player to be fast and to have an appropriate measure of timing as they need to predict when they are going to receive an attack and act accordingly on a short timeframe.

Price elasticity of demand describes the quantitative changes in people's demand for a particular good when its cost changes, all other factors being equal.

In game design, the primary mechanic refers to the core gameplay element or system that forms the foundation of the game experience. It represents the central activity or interaction that players engage in throughout the game. The primary mechanic defines the core rules, actions, and objectives that shape the gameplay and drive player engagement. It is often the most prominent and recurring aspect of the game, serving as a focal point for player decision-making, skill development, and strategic thinking. The primary mechanic can vary widely depending on the genre and design of the game, such as shooting in a first-person shooter, building and management in a simulation game, or exploration and puzzle-solving in an adventure game.

In game design, properties refer to the characteristics, attributes, or qualities that define the behavior and interactions of game elements. Properties encompass a wide range of attributes such as speed, strength, health, resistance, abilities, and more. Variation in properties allows for diverse gameplay experiences, strategic choices, and dynamic interactions within the game. By adjusting and balancing the properties of game elements, designers can create depth, complexity, and emergent gameplay. For example, varying the properties of enemies in a role-playing game can create different levels of challenge, requiring players to adapt their strategies and utilize different tactics. Properties contribute to the overall balance, immersion, and strategic depth of the game.

Proximity in game design refers to the spatial relationship or distance between game elements, objects, or characters within the game world. It represents the relative closeness or distance between entities and affects their interactions and the player's perception of the game space. Proximity can influence gameplay in various ways, such as determining the effectiveness of attacks, triggering events or interactions, influencing AI behaviors, or providing strategic advantages or disadvantages. Designers utilize proximity as a tool to create tension, suspense, and decision-making scenarios within the game, where players must consider their position in relation to other elements or characters.

In game design, punishment refers to negative consequences or penalties imposed on players for their unfavorable actions, decisions, or failures within the game. Punishment mechanics are employed to discourage undesirable behaviors, encourage strategic thinking, and maintain game balance. Punishments can include loss of resources, health, progress, or privileges, as well as time penalties or setbacks. By implementing punishment mechanics, game designers create a sense of risk, challenge, and accountability, motivating players to make more thoughtful decisions and engage in strategic play. Properly balanced punishment mechanics ensure that consequences are fair and meaningful, enhancing player engagement, learning, and mastery.

In game design, a puzzle challenge refers to a gameplay segment or activity that requires players to solve a specific problem or overcome an obstacle using mostly real-time skills such as timing, reflex and dexterity. In contrast to regular puzzle stages, where critical and lateral thinking is mostly required, players need to combine one or two mechanics, with certain time and precision, which will let them progress through the level, obtain an item or another type of reward. These challenges can range from simple brainteasers to complex, intricate conundrums, offering players varying levels of difficulty and rewarding their persistence, creativity, and dexterity. They also involve detecting patterns, using or combining mechanics with a specific sequence and timing, as well as mastering the character's abilities. Well-designed puzzle challenges integrate seamlessly into the game's mechanics, narrative, or world, providing a satisfying sense of accomplishment upon successful completion.

In game design, a puzzle stage refers to a specific section or level within a game that focuses primarily on puzzle-solving gameplay. It is a distinct portion of the game where players encounter a series of interconnected puzzles or a single complex puzzle that needs to be solved to progress further. Puzzle stages often require players to apply their problem-solving skills, logical reasoning, and lateral thinking to overcome obstacles, unlock new areas, or access valuable rewards. These stages can vary in size, complexity, and thematic presentation, and they can be found in various genres, such as adventure, platformers, or role-playing games. Puzzle stages provide a break from other gameplay elements, offering a unique and intellectually stimulating experience that challenges players' mental abilities.

QTE stands for "Quick Time Event," which is a gameplay mechanic commonly used in video games to create more cinematic and interactive experiences. In a QTE, the player is prompted to press a button or perform an action in response to an on-screen prompt within a short period of time. They are commonly used in action-adventure, fighting, and rhythm games, among others. For example, in the game "God of War," the player might be prompted to press a certain button at a specific time to perform a finishing move on an enemy. In the game "Heavy Rain," the player must react to on-screen prompts to successfully navigate through intense situations.

"R&D playstyle" in video games refers to a type of gameplay where the primary goal is to experiment with different moves, options, and mechanics to learn more about the game or an opponent, rather than focusing solely on winning. In an R&D playstyle, the player may try out unconventional strategies or techniques to see how they work, and they may be more interested in discovering new things about the game than in winning matches. Additionally, an R&D player may actively seek to help others learn by sharing their knowledge and strategies. Overall, the R&D playstyle is focused on exploration and experimentation, and it can be a valuable way for players to deepen their understanding of a game and its mechanics.

A reactionary counter refers to a type of defensive move or action that a player can use in response to an opponent's attack or action. A reactionary counter typically involves quickly reacting to the opponent's move by performing a specific input or action, which then triggers a counterattack or defensive maneuver. This can be a useful strategy in games where timing and precision are important, such as fighting games or action-adventure games. For example, in the game "Street Fighter," a player might use a reactionary counter by waiting for their opponent to attack, and then quickly inputting a special move that allows them to counterattack and gain an advantage. In the game "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild," a player might use a reactionary counter by performing a perfect dodge, which triggers a temporary slow-motion effect and allows them to attack the enemy while they are vulnerable.

In evolutionary biology, the Red Queen hypothesis explains how organisms constantly adapt to their competitors, who in turn adapt to them, resulting in an arms race where no one competitor is necessarily more successful than they were before. We use this analogy to describe a negative feedback-type system in which, when the player's proficiency at a task increases, the challenge they face increases to match their proficiency. The result is that the player's success rate at the task doesn't change much.

Relative value is how valuable something is relative to another. All other things being equal, a scarce good will be more valuable than a common one.

The player's gear becomes damaged in combat, making them more vulnerable. They must pay gold they've earned to repair it.

How much 'better off' you will be by making an investment. This could be the gold you get back after x time, or the increase in the chance to beat a boss.

A reusable key refers to an item that can be used multiple times to unlock multiple doors or objects within the game. This item can be carried by the player throughout the game and can be used to open any corresponding locked objects without being consumed or disappearing from the player's inventory. Reusable keys are often used in adventure or puzzle games where players need to explore and navigate through different environments and interact with various objects to progress through the game. The use of a reusable key can add an element of challenge and complexity to the gameplay, as the player needs to remember which locked objects they have encountered and which key is needed to unlock them.

Decision-making situations in which the specific outcome is not known, but in which the array of outcomes and their probabilities are known.

"Run and gun" in the context of video games refers to a gameplay style characterized by fast-paced action and minimal emphasis on strategy or careful planning. In run-and-gun games, players typically control a character who moves quickly through levels or environments while continuously firing weapons at enemies. This style of gameplay often features intense combat scenarios, platforming elements, and a focus on reflexes and agility

A rush down playstyle is a strategy where a player relentlessly and aggressively pursues their opponent, typically with close-range attacks and pressure. The goal of a rush down playstyle is to overwhelm the opponent with a constant barrage of attacks, leaving them with little time or opportunity to counterattack or regain control of the match. However, while a rush down playstyle can be very effective when executed correctly, it can also be risky as it often requires players to take risks and make quick decisions, which can backfire if their opponent manages to predict their moves and counter-attack effectively. Therefore, a rush down playstyle requires a good understanding of the game mechanics and the opponent's tendencies, as well as quick reflexes and decision-making skills.

"Save abuse" refers to a gameplay strategy where a player frequently saves their progress in a game to avoid losing progress or avoid failure, often to the point of exploiting the save system for personal gain. Save abuse is commonly used in games with save points or quicksave features, where players save their game at regular intervals, even after completing easy or routine tasks. This strategy allows players to restart from the last saved point if they make a mistake, encounter a difficult challenge, or simply wish to retry a section. While save abuse can be an effective strategy to avoid frustration and progress in the game, it can also be seen as a form of cheating or exploitation of game mechanics. Some players also argue that it can detract from the immersive and challenging aspects of a game, making it less rewarding to complete.

A design feature that allows players to save their progress at any time and as frequently as they wish, while a game with low save freedom limits or restricts when and how often players can save their game. High save freedom is often preferred by players who want more control over their gameplay experience, allowing them to experiment with different strategies or avoid losing progress due to unexpected interruptions or technical issues. Low save freedom is often implemented in games to increase the challenge or tension, as players may have to complete significant portions of the game without the ability to save, requiring them to rely on skill, memorization, or risk-taking to progress. Overall, the level of save freedom in a game can affect the player's immersion, enjoyment, and perception of the game's challenge, and is an important aspect to consider when designing or playing a video game.

Some players are more likely to save their earnings for future use than to spend it immediately, based on things such as impulsivity, risk-sensitivity and susceptibility to FOMO (fear of missing out).

Typically refer to distinct parts or stages of a game that are separated by significant events or milestones, such as completing a level, defeating a boss, or reaching a checkpoint. Sections can also refer to specific areas or regions within a game, such as different levels or zones, that have their own unique challenges, enemies, or gameplay mechanics. These sections may be interconnected or separated by loading screens, cutscenes, or transitions. The use of sections in video games can help structure the gameplay experience, provide a sense of progression, and allow for a more diverse and varied experience. Sections can also be used to increase the difficulty or challenge of a game, as players may have to adapt to new enemies or mechanics in each section, or to provide a sense of accomplishment and reward after completing a particularly challenging section.

"Sequence breaking" refers to intentionally or unintentionally completing objectives or reaching areas of the game out of order, often by exploiting glitches or unintended mechanics to bypass intended progression. This can lead to skipping entire sections of the game, acquiring powerful items or abilities earlier than intended, or completing the game in a different order or in a shorter amount of time. Sequence breaking can be a source of speedrunning strategies, where players attempt to complete the game as quickly as possible by exploiting sequence breaks and other techniques. While sequence breaking can add a new layer of challenge and creativity to a game, it can also disrupt the intended balance and pacing of the game, or cause unintended consequences that affect later sections of the game.

In video games, a "setpiece" is a scripted event or sequence that is designed to create a memorable and immersive experience for the player, often involving dramatic action, cinematic cutscenes, or dynamic gameplay mechanics. Setpieces are often used to highlight important moments in the game's story or to provide a sense of spectacle and excitement, such as intense battles, chases, or explosions. They may also serve to introduce new mechanics or gameplay elements, providing a break from the standard gameplay experience and offering a fresh challenge to the player. Setpieces can be a key component of the game's overall design, contributing to the game's narrative, pacing, and immersion. They can also be a point of controversy or criticism, as they may rely heavily on scripted events and linear gameplay, potentially limiting player agency or breaking immersion if poorly executed.

When consumers want more of something than is available, there is a shortage. When there is more available than they want or need, there is a surplus.

A "slippery slope" in video games refers specifically to a situation where a player who is already behind in the game is more likely to continue losing and fall even further behind, due to imbalanced mechanics or systems that reward the winning player and punish the losing player. Slippery slope is another name for positive feedback. Slippery slopes can be detrimental to the overall quality of the game and can be addressed through careful balancing and design choices that provide opportunities for players to catch up and maintain a competitive experience.

Individuals buy or hoard a good with the sole purpose of selling it later, expecting that it will grow in value and earn them a profit.

In shooter games, this term refers to a gameplay mechanic that doesn't allow players to fire a type of weapon while moving, but instead forced them to stop and shoot, with crates and corners providing cover for the player character to pop out from and fire his weapon. Additionally, stop-and-pop can require more precise aiming and timing than simply running and gunning, which can provide a sense of challenge and reward for the player. Stop-and-pop can become repetitive and uninteresting if overused, and can limit the player's ability to move and explore freely. As such, game developers often strive to balance the use of stop-and-pop with other gameplay mechanics, such as running and gunning or melee combat, to keep the player engaged and the gameplay varied

A good/item which serves a similar function as other goods/items. If a substitutable good's price goes up, players may suddenly switch to buying cheaper substitutes.

For any limited good/item, there is a limited supply available, and a certain amount demanded by consumers (e.g. players).

Players use an asset (e.g. item) owned by another player. Any time that asset is used to earn, a percentage of the earnings are sent to the owner.

Decision-making situations in which the outcomes and/or their probabilities are not known.

An economic concept used to describe the value in a certain decision, such as in consuming a certain good. Examples in games may include the utility in purchasing a certain item, using a certain ability, or saving gold for later. Utility is broad and sometimes hard to quantify, as it may involve complex factors such as happiness and individual preference.

A versatile key that can open multiple locks might refer to a special key item that can be used to unlock different doors, chests, or other types of barriers throughout the game world. These versatile keys can often provide a shortcut or alternative path to the player, allowing them to bypass obstacles or access hidden areas.

A zero-sum game refers to a type of game where the total gains and losses of all players involved add up to zero. In other words, any gain by one player is exactly balanced by an equal loss by another player. This means that the game's outcome is entirely competitive and that one player's success is directly correlated with another player's failure. For example, Monopoly is a zero-sum game. There are a fixed amount of spaces on the board, representing money and property. One player taking a space means that space is no longer available to the other players.